Physical Examination Findings
When the doctor examines the patient, some specific findings are observed:
Splenomegaly (Enlargement of the Spleen)
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This is a classic finding of malaria.
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The spleen becomes enlarged and can be felt in the left upper abdomen.
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In chronic malaria, the spleen can be very large. Doctors check for this with palpation.
Hepatomegaly (Enlargement of the Liver)
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The liver may also become enlarged, but this is less common than splenomegaly.
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Tenderness may be present in the right upper abdomen.
Signs of Anemia
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The patient’s skin and mucous membranes appear pale.
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The conjunctiva (inside the eye) is pale, which indicates anemia.
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The nails also become pale.
Jaundice
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Some patients may develop jaundice. The eyes and skin look yellowish.
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This occurs due to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs).
Tachycardia
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The heart rate increases, especially during fever.
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The body attempts to compensate.
Dehydration
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Due to vomiting, sweating, and poor oral intake, the patient becomes dehydrated.
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Skin turgor decreases and mucous membranes become dry.
Complications
If malaria is not treated in time, especially P. falciparum malaria, then serious complications can develop:
Cerebral Malaria (Malaria of the Brain)
This is the most serious complication. The patient becomes confused and behaves abnormally. Seizures (fits) can occur, and in severe cases, a coma may happen. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.
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Signs include: altered consciousness, seizures, neck stiffness, abnormal posturing, and coma.
Severe Anemia
RBCs (Red Blood Cells) in the blood decrease significantly. Hemoglobin can drop below 5 g/dL.
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The patient experiences breathlessness, extreme weakness, and palpitations.
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A blood transfusion may be necessary.
Acute Respiratory Distress
Fluid can accumulate in the lungs (pulmonary edema).
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The patient has severe difficulty breathing.
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Oxygen saturation decreases.
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This is a life-threatening condition.
Renal Failure (Kidney Failure)
Kidneys can fail, and urine output may decrease or stop completely.
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Creatinine and urea levels in the blood increase.
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Dialysis may be required.
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